Index

Below is the index from my book Formerly Known as Food.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), 5, 6

Allen, Will, 253–255, 271

Alzheimer’s disease, 8, 24, 96, 110, 115, 140, 267

American Academy of Pediatrics, 87, 232, 274

American Heart Association (AHA), 5–8, 33–34

Heart-Check mark, 5–6, 8, 34

AmeriCorps, 252, 253

antioxidants, 9, 33, 52, 57, 191

artificial sweeteners, 11, 125–129

aspartame, 11, 126

atherosclerosis, 31, 52. See also heart disease

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 110, 113, 176

autism spectrum disorder, 96, 110–115, 120, 132, 162, 176

autoimmune diseases, 96, 99, 108, 131–133

baby foods, processed, 66, 73–78, 85, 219. See also infant formula

bacterial extinction, 16, 72, 99, 101, 105, 116, 118–119, 132

Bell, Margaret, 160

Benbrook, Charles, 39, 52, 57, 61–62

Bentley, Amy, 86

betaine, 8

Beyoncé, 201–202, 270

BioPerine, 175

biotin, 9

Birdseye, Clarence, 223

birth defects

anencephaly, 68

diethylstilbestrol (DES) and, 164

folate and, 112

folic acid and, 63

fortification and, 68, 112

homocysteine and, 8

neural tube defects, 8, 112

spina bifida, 68

bisphenol A (BPA) and, 27–28, 60, 143, 147–150, 154, 163, 165, 173, 183–184, 186–189, 199, 239–241

bisphenol S (BPS), 148

Blaser, Martin, 128–129

blood pressure, 18, 52, 108

Bloomberg, Michael, 207

Blumberg, Bruce, 43, 45, 145–146, 150–152, 161, 165–166, 171–174, 176, 192

boycotts, 259–260, 265

Bradley, Ray, 58, 60

brain development, 154–162

Brandt, Kirsten, 56–57

breakfast cereals, 4, 6, 26, 27, 37, 39, 42–44, 63–64, 66–67, 69, 203, 208

breast-feeding and breast milk

children’s food preferences and, 75–76, 218

colostrum, 107

cultural attitudes and, 85–86

DDT and, 140

health benefits of, 87–88, 218

hospitals and, 84, 98

infant formula compared with, 81–84, 108

microbiota and, xvi, 16, 72, 84, 94, 96, 98–101, 106–108, 121, 235

mother’s diet, 9, 16, 75–76

obesity and, 68, 87–89, 98, 218

process of, 83–84

public policy and, 86–87, 218–219, 221, 231–236, 238, 248, 251, 274

pumping milk, 98, 232

recommendations for, 87, 232

shaming and backlash, 91, 233–234

weaning, 73–74, 76, 105

wet nurses, 85, 231, 232

C-section births, 99, 102, 105–107, 109, 118

“calorie is a calorie,” 59, 92

“calories in, calories out,” 174

cancer

antioxidants and, 9, 52

bisphenol A (BPA) and, 28, 147, 148

breast cancer, 28, 41, 43, 140–141, 147, 148

colon and rectal cancer, 9, 18, 102, 120, 133

costs of, 251

diet and, 24, 267

as “disease of civilization,” 26, 132

environmental chemicals and, 139, 140–141, 143, 147, 156–158, 164, 189

glyphosate and, 41

grass-fed beef and, 52

homocysteine and, 8

infant feeding and, 218

inflammation and, 97, 98, 120

lung cancer, 189

microbiota and, 95, 96, 97, 102, 133

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 41

ovarian cancer, 164

prostate cancer, 28, 43, 143, 147

recombinant bovine growth somatotropin (rBST) and, 43

short-chain fatty acids and, 120

testicular cancer, 156

vaginal, 164

vegetable oils and, 37

vitamin D and, 63

carbohydrates, 7, 29, 33

microbiota and, 104, 111–112, 115–117, 119, 121

carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 122–123

cardiovascular disease. See heart disease

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 23, 28, 63–64, 86, 95, 147, 205, 213

centralization, 253–254

Cheeseman, Mitchell, 188

child care, 19, 214, 230, 232, 249, 263

cholesterol

dietary versus blood levels, 9, 32–35

eggs and, 9

HDL, 18

LDL, 52

low-cholesterol foods, 4, 5, 32–35

oxidized, 30

vitamin D and, 62

cholesterol hypothesis, 32–35

choline, 9, 81

City of Farmers, 251–252, 256

Clinton, Bill, 244

collective action, 262–263, 266

cookbooks, 224, 231, 242

Cornwell, Bettina, 78–80

coronary heart disease. See heart disease

Crews, David, 153–154

dairy industry, 28–31

Horizon milk, 49–51, 54, 69

milk protein concentrates, 29–31, 43

nonfat milk solids, 29–31, 43

organic, 49–52, 54, 59, 61–64, 69

Dalla Costa, Mariarosa, 246–247

Darwin, Charles, 138–139, 154, 166

democratization of food supply, 22–23

Department of Agriculture, U.S., 9, 37–38, 49–50, 170, 272

Dettwyler, Kathy, 82

di(2–ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 185

diabetes

artificial sweeteners and, 125, 126

bisphenol A (BPA) and, 199

costs of, 251

diet and, 24, 267

as “disease of civilization,” 26, 132

endocrine-disrupting chemicals and, 138–139, 143, 152

glyphosate and, 41

health disparities and, 19, 200, 202

incidence of, 18

infant feeding and, 87–88, 218

inflammation and, 97–98

marketing of junk food and, 81

microbiota and, 96–99, 101, 115–116, 133

proposed New York City soda ban and, 207

short-chain fatty acids and, 120

type 1, 99, 101

type 2, 1, 18, 87, 115, 133, 138

dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), 140–142, 148, 157, 165–166, 168

diseases of civilization, 26, 132

Doerge, Daniel, 186–187

Dow Chemical, 181, 189

DuPont, 181

Earthbound Farm, 54, 57, 59–60, 69

EGCG, 178–179

Egg Beaters, xiii, 6, 8

eggs, 26

benefits of, 8–10

cage-free chickens and, 52, 260

egg powder, 31

organic, 49, 51

whites, 4, 6, 8–10,

Whole Egg Theory, 8–10, 62, 91, 123, 130, 178

yolks, 8–9, 62, 123

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 243–244

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 222

emulsifiers, 10–11, 36, 122–125, 129–130

endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), 135–168

BPA, 27–28, 60, 143, 147–150, 154, 163, 165, 173, 183–184, 186–189, 199, 239–241

combined effects, 45–46, 177

dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), 140–142, 148, 157, 165–166, 168

diethylstilbestrol (DES), 163–164

dioxins, 143, 163, 176

epigenetics and, 137, 139, 141, 148, 152, 154, 165–166, 176

estrogen and, 28, 146–149, 158, 162–163, 240

fertility and, 28, 136, 139, 140, 147, 156, 162, 164–165

glyphosate, 40–42, 129, 166–168, 169, 172, 190

hormones and brain development and, 154–162

low-dose effects, 28, 41, 143–146, 149, 154, 158, 167, 172–173, 175, 183

methoxychlor, 163

nonmonotonic (nonlinear) response and, 146

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 157–161, 165–166, 168, 176, 181

polypropylene, 191

thyroid and, 142–143, 145, 161–162, 175–176, 178

transgenerational effects, 149–154

tributyltin (TBT), 150–153, 161, 165, 176

women and, 162–168

endocrine system, 142–143. See also endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

Environmental Protection Agency, 21, 135, 136, 145, 170–172, 174, 177, 181–182, 186, 188–189, 191–192, 248

epigenetics, 137, 139, 141, 148, 152, 154, 165–166, 176

estrogen, 28, 146–149, 158, 162–163, 240

Evolve Biosystems, 132

fast food, 80, 196, 201–207, 211–213, 237, 273

Carl’s Jr., 53

McDonald’s, 5, 6, 20, 59, 80, 200–201, 204, 206, 270

fats, 12–13. See also monounsaturated fats; polyunsaturated fats; saturated fats; trans fats; vegetable oils

feminism, 215, 229–231, 233–235, 247, 267

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe, 208

fertility, 28, 136, 139, 140, 147, 156, 162, 164–165

fertilizers, 25, 54, 85, 128

fetal development, 113–114, 148–164

fiber, 116–121, 130–131

Finely, Ron, 253

Fisher, M. F. K., 65

Flammang, Janet, 234–236

food, definition of, 10, 15

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

additives and, 123–124, 127–128

infant formula and, 82

milk protein concentrates and, 29–30

nutrition and warning labels, 36–37, 42

regulation and, 21, 135–136, 145, 147, 167, 170–175, 177–188, 191–192, 239–240

food cooperatives, 22, 245–246, 256–260, 263. See also Park Slope Food Coop

Food Corps, 253

food movement, 21–22, 51, 59–60, 196, 206–213, 219, 241–269. See also New Food Movement Manifesto

formula. See infant formula

fortification of foods, 4, 15, 61–69, 91, 112–113,

Friedan, Betty, 227

Frye, Richard, 111–114, 120

fungicides, 15, 45, 54, 129, 142, 151, 153, 170, 242

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 225, 238, 247

“generally recognized as safe” (GRAS), 29, 82, 177–181

genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 39–44

Gerber, 191

German, Bruce, 94–95, 98–110, 114–117, 121, 131–132, 235

Gewirtz, Andrew, 122–124, 130–131

glyphosate, 40–42, 129, 166–168, 169, 172, 190

good laboratory practices, 181–183

Gore, Andrea, 152–163, 165–166, 176, 182

green tea extract, 178–179

Growing Power, 254–255

guar gum, 10–11, 47, 123–125

Gugusheff, Jessica R., 90

Hadza people (Tanzania), 117, 132–133

Hansen, Michael, 46

Hayden, Dolores, 230

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 222

health disparities, 19–20, 200–202, 205, 209, 212–213, 245

heart disease

animal fats and, 26–27

animal protein and, 27

artificial sweeteners and, 125

bisphenol A (BPA) and, 28

breast milk and, 218

costs of, 251

diet and, 24, 267

endometriosis and, 164

health disparities and, 19

homocysteine and, 8

inflammation and, 96, 97, 98, 120

oxidation and, 30

saturated fats and, 32–33

short-chain fatty acids and, 120

total fat intake and, 7, 27

trans fats and, xiv, 7, 13, 35–36

in youth, 267

Hepworth Farm, 257–258

herbicides, 15, 40–43, 54, 56, 129, 143, 166–170, 176, 181, 190, 192, 197, 242

Herm, Eric, 55, 57, 60

Hess, John, 224

Hess, Karen, 224

homocysteine, 8

homogenization, 29, 31, 43

Horizon Milk, 49–51, 54, 69

hormones, 154–162. See also estrogen

immune system

acquired immunity, 98–99

endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and, 142–143, 153, 157

fortified foods and, 67

infant feeding and, 83, 84, 86, 218

innate immunity, 97–98

microbiota and, 96–100, 108, 110, 113–114, 119–120, 131–133

Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, 181

infant formula

advertising and marketing of, 81, 84–85, 270

BabyNes (Gerber product), 191

breast milk compared with, 81–84, 108

composition of, 81–83

Enfamil, 81

Good Start, 81

health effects of, 16

history of, 85–86

industrial food system and, 73–76, 81–88, 91–93, 221, 229, 232, 235

microbiota and, 16, 98–99, 105, 108–109, 118

obesity and, 68, 87–89, 98, 218

sales of, 66

Similac, 81

inflammation

cholesterol and, 33

disease and, 33, 96–97, 131

emulsifiers and, 122

endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) and, 149, 164

immune system and, 98, 102, 119–120

infant feeding and, 98

microbiota and, 96–99, 110, 112–113, 119–120

James, Selma, 211, 226, 234, 238, 246–247, 256, 262, 270

junk food, 78–79, 81, 89–90, 198, 201, 203, 213. See also processed food

Keys, Ancel, 32–33

Kinney, Kira, 55, 57, 60

Kortenkamp, Andreas, 45

Kummerow, Fred, 30–31, 35, 38, 48

Lancet, The, 7, 27

lard, 4, 11, 32, 34, 38

Lewandrowski, Lorraine, 51

life expectancy, 23, 132–133, 267

Madigan, John, 94–95

Maffini, Maricel, 173, 175, 178–180, 183, 185, 187

Maher, Bill, 197

malnourishment, 16, 61

margarine, 4, 7, 12, 31, 34, 36

Matthews, Glenna, 222–234, 236

McCarron, David A., 33, 35

McDonald’s, 5, 6, 20, 59, 80, 200–201, 204, 206, 270

McMillan, Tracie, 212

Mennella, Julie, 76–77, 79, 89

microbiota, xvi, 94–133

additives and, 122–133

adults and, 115–122

antibiotics and, 95, 99, 102–103, 105–106, 108–109, 118, 126–133

autoimmune diseases and, 96, 99, 108, 131–133

B. infantis and, 95, 98–105, 114, 121, 131–132

bacterial extinction and, 16, 72, 99, 101, 105, 116–119, 132

breast milk and, xvi, 16, 72, 84, 94, 96, 98–100, 106–108, 121, 235

C-section births and, 99, 102, 105–107, 109, 118

Clostridium and, 111

Clostridium botulinum and, 129

Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) and, 94–95, 102–103

emulsifiers and, 11, 122–125, 129–130

fiber and, 116–121, 130–131

function of, 96

immune system and, 96–100, 108, 110, 113–114, 119–120, 131–133

infant formula and, 16, 98–99, 105, 108–109, 118

inflammation and, 96–99, 110, 112–113, 119–120

obesity and, 205

second brain (gut-brain axis) and, 109–115

Monell Chemical Senses Center, 75–76, 78–79, 89

monounsaturated fats, 11–13, 269

Monsanto, 6, 40–42, 157–158, 166, 168, 181, 188

Roundup, 40–42, 129–130, 166–168, 169, 181, 190

Moore, Gwen, 250

mother’s diet

breast feeding and, 9, 16, 75–76

children’s taste preferences and, 75

microbiota and, 113–114

Muncke, Jane, 45

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 143

National Institutes of Health, 37

Neltner, Tom, 179

New Food Movement Manifesto, 269–274

Nixon, Richard, 269–270

Obama, Barack, 197

Obama, Michelle, 202

obesity

endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and, 41, 60, 136, 138, 139, 143, 147, 150, 152, 165, 199

excessive vitamin consumption and, 68

health disparities and, 19, 200–202, 205, 213

incidence of, 1, 17–19, 267

infant feeding and, 68, 87–89, 98, 218

malnourishment and, 16, 61

marketing of junk food and, 81

microbiota and, 126, 129–131, 133

obesogenic effects and, 28, 150

public policy and, 249, 251

stigma and, 18

obesogen, 28, 150

Occupy Wall Street movement, 204

omega-3 fatty acids, 10, 13, 38–39, 52, 58, 61, 62, 65, 82, 83

omega-6 fatty acids, 38–39, 43, 49, 52

organic foods, 255–258, 260–261, 263–264

by default, 25, 44

definitions of, 47–48, 59

emulsifiers, 10, 123–125

flavor and, 58

food culture and, 197–198, 203–205, 209–211, 213, 219, 241, 243

food movement and food culture, 21–22, 210

GMOs and, 40

grass-fed animals, 51–53

milk, 49–52, 54, 59, 61–64, 69

nutrition and, 56–61

processed foods, 47–49, 51, 59, 65–68, 205

regulation and oversight, 54

scale of farming and, 49–51, 53, 55, 58–59

osteoporosis, 8

oxidation, 30–33, 38, 43, 47, 49

Palin, Sarah, 206–207

parental leave, 19, 86, 87, 219, 237–238, 248–249, 251, 274

Park Slope Food Coop, 47–48, 203–204, 208, 213, 256, 259, 263

Parr, Adrian, 264

pasteurization, 29–32, 43

“Pay People to Cook at Home,” 246, 251, 256, 262

pesticides, 40, 43, 54–56, 103, 129, 137, 142–143, 151, 163, 166, 170–173, 176, 189, 192, 197, 220, 241–242, 258, 273

phthalates, 45, 143, 169, 171, 185

picky eaters, 74, 78–79

plasticizers, 45, 169–170, 185

Pollan, Michael, 48, 210, 219–221, 229, 234

polysorbate 80, 122–123, 125

polyunsaturated fats, 7, 11, 12, 13, 33–34, 37–38. See also vegetable oils

poverty, 200, 218, 242–248, 250, 264

processed foods

baby foods, 66, 73–78, 85, 219

definition of, 15

emulsifiers in, 122–133

food banks and, 253

food culture and, 199, 201, 203, 205–208, 214

food movement and, 21–22, 241

fortification of, 65–66, 68, 91

industrial food system and, 220, 223, 227, 237

infant formula as babies’ first processed food, 16, 66, 92, 108, 270

junk food, 78–79, 81, 89–90, 198, 201, 203, 213

omega-6 fatty acids and, 38–39, 43, 49

organics and, 47–49, 51, 59, 65–68, 205

packaging, 28

taste preference and, 76, 78, 84, 87, 89, 92–93